Weak gravitational lensing is the leading non-linear effect on the cosmic microwave back-ground (CMB) anisotropies. The photons of the CMB are deflected by the intervening Large Scale Structure (LSS) of the Universe.
The deflection angle is determined by the projected gravitational potential along the line of sight, making it a probe of the growth of LSS, sum of the neutrino masses, dark energy.
picture: ESA